Note: This tutorial was generated from an IPython notebook that can be downloaded here.

# Saving & monitoring progress¶

It is often useful to incrementally save the state of the chain to a file. This makes it easier to monitor the chain’s progress and it makes things a little less disastrous if your code/computer crashes somewhere in the middle of an expensive MCMC run.

In this demo, we will demonstrate how you can use the new backends.HDFBackend to save your results to a HDF5 file as the chain runs. To execute this, you’ll first need to install the h5py library.

We’ll also monitor the autocorrelation time at regular intervals (see Autocorrelation analysis & convergence) to judge convergence.

We will set up the problem as usual with one small change:

import emcee
import numpy as np

np.random.seed(42)

# The definition of the log probability function
# We'll also use the "blobs" feature to track the "log prior" for each step
def log_prob(theta):
log_prior = -0.5 * np.sum((theta - 1.0) ** 2 / 100.0)
log_prob = -0.5 * np.sum(theta ** 2) + log_prior
return log_prob, log_prior

# Initialize the walkers
coords = np.random.randn(32, 5)
nwalkers, ndim = coords.shape

# Set up the backend
# Don't forget to clear it in case the file already exists
filename = "tutorial.h5"
backend = emcee.backends.HDFBackend(filename)
backend.reset(nwalkers, ndim)

# Initialize the sampler
sampler = emcee.EnsembleSampler(nwalkers, ndim, log_prob, backend=backend)


The difference here was the addition of a “backend”. This choice will save the samples to a file called tutorial.h5 in the current directory. Now, we’ll run the chain for up to 10,000 steps and check the autocorrelation time every 100 steps. If the chain is longer than 100 times the estimated autocorrelation time and if this estimate changed by less than 1%, we’ll consider things converged.

max_n = 100000

# We'll track how the average autocorrelation time estimate changes
index = 0
autocorr = np.empty(max_n)

# This will be useful to testing convergence
old_tau = np.inf

# Now we'll sample for up to max_n steps
for sample in sampler.sample(coords, iterations=max_n, progress=True):
# Only check convergence every 100 steps
if sampler.iteration % 100:
continue

# Compute the autocorrelation time so far
# Using tol=0 means that we'll always get an estimate even
# if it isn't trustworthy
tau = sampler.get_autocorr_time(tol=0)
autocorr[index] = np.mean(tau)
index += 1

# Check convergence
converged = np.all(tau * 100 < sampler.iteration)
converged &= np.all(np.abs(old_tau - tau) / tau < 0.01)
if converged:
break
old_tau = tau

6%|▌         | 5900/100000 [00:56<14:59, 104.58it/s]


Now let’s take a look at how the autocorrelation time estimate (averaged across dimensions) changed over the course of this run. In this plot, the $$\tau$$ estimate is plotted (in blue) as a function of chain length and, for comparison, the $$N > 100\,\tau$$ threshold is plotted as a dashed line.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

n = 100 * np.arange(1, index + 1)
y = autocorr[:index]
plt.plot(n, n / 100.0, "--k")
plt.plot(n, y)
plt.xlim(0, n.max())
plt.ylim(0, y.max() + 0.1 * (y.max() - y.min()))
plt.xlabel("number of steps")
plt.ylabel(r"mean $\hat{\tau}$");


As usual, we can also access all the properties of the chain:

import corner

tau = sampler.get_autocorr_time()
burnin = int(2 * np.max(tau))
thin = int(0.5 * np.min(tau))
samples = sampler.get_chain(discard=burnin, flat=True, thin=thin)
log_prob_samples = sampler.get_log_prob(discard=burnin, flat=True, thin=thin)
log_prior_samples = sampler.get_blobs(discard=burnin, flat=True, thin=thin)

print("burn-in: {0}".format(burnin))
print("thin: {0}".format(thin))
print("flat chain shape: {0}".format(samples.shape))
print("flat log prob shape: {0}".format(log_prob_samples.shape))
print("flat log prior shape: {0}".format(log_prior_samples.shape))

all_samples = np.concatenate(
(samples, log_prob_samples[:, None], log_prior_samples[:, None]), axis=1
)

labels = list(map(r"$\theta_{{{0}}}$".format, range(1, ndim + 1)))
labels += ["log prob", "log prior"]

corner.corner(all_samples, labels=labels);

burn-in: 117
thin: 24
flat chain shape: (7680, 5)
flat log prob shape: (7680,)
flat log prior shape: (7680,)


But, since you saved your samples to a file, you can also open them after the fact using the backends.HDFBackend:

reader = emcee.backends.HDFBackend(filename)

burnin = int(2 * np.max(tau))
thin = int(0.5 * np.min(tau))

print("burn-in: {0}".format(burnin))
print("thin: {0}".format(thin))
print("flat chain shape: {0}".format(samples.shape))
print("flat log prob shape: {0}".format(log_prob_samples.shape))
print("flat log prior shape: {0}".format(log_prior_samples.shape))

burn-in: 117
thin: 24
flat chain shape: (7680, 5)
flat log prob shape: (7680,)
flat log prior shape: (7680,)


This should give the same output as the previous code block, but you’ll notice that there was no reference to sampler here at all.

If you want to restart from the last sample, you can just leave out the call to backends.HDFBackend.reset():

new_backend = emcee.backends.HDFBackend(filename)
print("Initial size: {0}".format(new_backend.iteration))
new_sampler = emcee.EnsembleSampler(nwalkers, ndim, log_prob, backend=new_backend)
new_sampler.run_mcmc(None, 100)
print("Final size: {0}".format(new_backend.iteration))

Initial size: 5900
Final size: 6000


If you want to save additional emcee runs, you can do so on the same file as long as you set the name of the backend object to something other than the default:

run2_backend = emcee.backends.HDFBackend(filename, name="mcmc_second_prior")

# this time, with a subtly different prior
def log_prob2(theta):
log_prior = -0.5 * np.sum((theta - 2.0) ** 2 / 100.0)
log_prob = -0.5 * np.sum(theta ** 2) + log_prior
return log_prob, log_prior

# Rinse, Wash, and Repeat as above
coords = np.random.randn(32, 5)
nwalkers, ndim = coords.shape
sampler2 = emcee.EnsembleSampler(nwalkers, ndim, log_prob2, backend=run2_backend)

# note: this is *not* necessarily the right number of iterations for this
# new prior.  But it will suffice  to demonstrate the second backend.
sampler2.run_mcmc(coords, new_backend.iteration, progress=True);

100%|██████████| 6000/6000 [00:49<00:00, 122.13it/s]


And now you can see both runs are in the file:

import h5py

with h5py.File(filename, "r") as f:
print(list(f.keys()))

['mcmc', 'mcmc_second_prior']