# Blobs¶

Way back in version 1.1 of emcee, the concept of blobs was introduced. This allows a user to track arbitrary metadata associated with every sample in the chain. The interface to access these blobs was previously a little clunky because it was stored as a list of lists of blobs. In version 3, this interface has been updated to use NumPy arrays instead and the sampler will do type inference to save the simplest possible representation of the blobs.

## Using blobs to track the value of the prior¶

A common pattern is to save the value of the log prior at every step in the chain. To do this, you could do something like:

import emcee
import numpy as np

def log_prior(params):
return -0.5 * np.sum(params**2)

def log_like(params):
return -0.5 * np.sum((params / 0.1)**2)

def log_prob(params):
lp = log_prior(params)
if not np.isfinite(lp):
return -np.inf, -np.inf
ll = log_like(params)
if not np.isfinite(ll):
return lp, -np.inf
return lp + ll, lp

coords = np.random.randn(32, 3)
nwalkers, ndim = coords.shape
sampler = emcee.EnsembleSampler(nwalkers, ndim, log_prob)
sampler.run_mcmc(coords, 100)

log_prior_samps = sampler.get_blobs()
flat_log_prior_samps = sampler.get_blobs(flat=True)

print(log_prior_samps.shape)  # (100, 32)
print(flat_log_prior_samps.shape)  # (3200,)


After running this, the “blobs” stored by the sampler will be a (nsteps, nwalkers) NumPy array with the value of the log prior at every sample.

## Named blobs & custom dtypes¶

If you want to save multiple pieces of metadata, it can be useful to name them. To implement this, we use the blobs_dtype argument in EnsembleSampler. For example, let’s say that, for some reason, we wanted to save the mean of the parameters as well as the log prior. To do this, we would update the above example as follows:

def log_prob(params):
lp = log_prior(params)
if not np.isfinite(lp):
return -np.inf, -np.inf
ll = log_like(params)
if not np.isfinite(ll):
return lp, -np.inf
return lp + ll, lp, np.mean(params)

coords = np.random.randn(32, 3)
nwalkers, ndim = coords.shape

# Here are the important lines
dtype = [("log_prior", float), ("mean", float)]
sampler = emcee.EnsembleSampler(nwalkers, ndim, log_prob,
blobs_dtype=dtype)

sampler.run_mcmc(coords, 100)

blobs = sampler.get_blobs()
log_prior_samps = blobs["log_prior"]
mean_samps = blobs["mean"]
print(log_prior_samps.shape)
print(mean_samps.shape)

flat_blobs = sampler.get_blobs(flat=True)
flat_log_prior_samps = flat_blobs["log_prior"]
flat_mean_samps = flat_blobs["mean"]
print(flat_log_prior_samps.shape)
print(flat_mean_samps.shape)


This will print

(100, 32)
(100, 32)
(3200,)
(3200,)


and the blobs object will be a structured NumPy array with two columns called log_prior and mean.